⇒ Libro Gratis Neuroprotection and Cerebral Malaria A new paradigm for treatment AnneLise Bienvenu 9783843390040 Books

Neuroprotection and Cerebral Malaria A new paradigm for treatment AnneLise Bienvenu 9783843390040 Books

Download As PDF : Neuroprotection and Cerebral Malaria A new paradigm for treatment AnneLise Bienvenu 9783843390040 Books

There are at least 300 million cases of malaria each year, resulting in more than a million deaths. Cerebral malaria is the most severe complication of malaria especially in young African children. Besides drug resistance, another challenge in the fight against malaria is the protective treatment of the host combined to the conventional antimalarial treatment. This opportunity came with the consideration of cerebral malaria residual case fatality rate of about 20%, despite a timely adequate antimalarial treatment. This work describes the available experimental model of cerebral malaria, the place of neuroprotective therapies in this disease and the efficacy of two neuroprotective drugs, recombinant erythropoietin and statins, during experimental cerebral malaria. Last, a proof- of-concept study documented the relevance of neuroprotection during human cerebral malaria in endemic area. This work should give new insights in medical practices. It should be especially useful to clinicians involved in critical care, infectious diseases, or neurological diseases.

Neuroprotection and Cerebral Malaria A new paradigm for treatment AnneLise Bienvenu 9783843390040 Books

Overview
---------------------------------------------
I decided to purchase this book in a hope to gain a variety of insight into the current state of diagnosis and treatment of Cerebral Malaria since it is a disease that primarily only affects people in the developing world. This book did a satisfactory job of providing some background on the disease without going too far into the history and incidence within the worlds population. There was also a good deal of the pathophysiology of the disease which provides a good insight on how the progression of the disease occurs in vulnerable populations, usually children. I am surprised at the few available books on Amazon about cerebral malaria, especially since it is such a common disease worldwide, so that could be the reason for the excessive price for the length of the publication. There are also a number of resources that are cited throughout the text in the different sections that the book is organized into and are organized at the end of each section, making further research much easier to perform. In fact, by looking at the references I was able to schedule an expert interview from one of the resources used in the book to gain further knowledge of the disease for my report.

Organization and Formatting
---------------------------------------------
This study nestled within a short book is formatted a bit different from most books you would expect to purchase on Amazon. It is more like a pamphlet than a book even though it is 56 pages, because there are a number of charts, tables, references, etc. so I would say the book really only contains 25 pages of textual material. This makes it a quite short read if you are familiar with scientific writing and a general understanding of cerebral malaria. The first few sections of the book provide an introduction with some background of the disease and explain why it is an important disease to look at and research more extensively so that we can help the millions of children, scattered throughout Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and other tropical, underdeveloped areas where the disease is still one of the major killers within that specific age group. The later sections look at mouse models for conducting animal research, 2 different prospective novel treatments that are beginning to be looked at on a more widescale level, and then a look at how clinical trials could be conducted to actually get these treatments out to the public. Within each of the sections there are charts looking at previous experiments and how they worked to treat cerebral malaria in mouse models and there are a number of references used at the end of each of the sections.

Synopsis
---------------------------------------------
My purpose of selecting this book was to look into some novel approaches towards treatment of the disease and also how this intertwines with the pathophysiology of the disease so I was primarily concerned with the section right after the introduction which explains how the disease spreads, how it is related and not related to regular malaria, and the cascade of events that occur within the brain that eventually lead "cytotoxicity and apoptosis [to] potentially lead blood brain barrier disruption and could contribute to the development of cerebral malaria." (Pino P, 2005) I also read the other sections since the book was quite short and relatively easy to read, and they actually were quite interesting. The most interesting part to me was the part looking at animal models, mainly rat and mouse models, and how they can be related and not related to human models for cerebral malaria. I was not at all familiar with how mouse models can be used to relate to human models, but I realized that different strains of malaria infect humans and mice and the different strains have different mechanisms that cause disease progression. Also, the final section took a very brief look at how these treatments can be translated into clinical trials which is also a very important step for scientists doing research on novel treatments for many different diseases.

Part One Summary (Introduction, Cerebral malaria: who cares?, "If you want me to live, protect my brain")
---------------------------------------------
For the the first few sections I decided to group the first few together since they were all only about a page in length and all essentially an overview of the disease. The introduction provides some of the basic pertinent information about the disease such as the current statistics of the disease, the vector that most commonly infects humans (P. falciparum), and the basic pathophysiology and current treatments for the disease. Next, Bienvenu provides a reason for us to care about the disease by providing the quick and severe symptoms of the fatal disease that "is most common in infants younger than the age of 2." (Bienvenu A, 2011) Talking about the severe effects of cerebral malaria on the developing brain, sometimes causing deficits in memory, attention, speech, language, etc., along with the more short term complications provides a means to show that the need for a novel form of therapy to try to combat this disease is and has been needed for quite a while. The final part of this first section shows a number of more current, now being researched treatments for cerebral malaria and finally introduces the two in particular that this study is looking at. These sections have very few tables or charts, and is primarily solely text providing a brief synopsis of the disease and introduction for the rest of the book.

Part Two Summary ("Of Mice and men": from Steinbeck to Grau)
---------------------------------------------
This next section is its own part and its primary "purpose of this study is to depict the similarities and differences between Humans and the CBA mice." (Bienvenu A, 2011) Though I was surprised that there was a full section in this book that is solely dedicated to looking at mouse models, but when you look at the big picture it is actually a quite important part of any study. After the initial in vitro testing that is there to confirm the working hypothesis for scientists, the next step is in vivo testing and the most common animal to do such testing on is mice. There are monkey models also present for cerebral malaria, but mouse models are the most common because most studies do not have the facilities or money to do monkey models for testing. This section looks at how the virus is different and also the same within human and mouse models. The differences often tell as much or more than the similarities since these tell us which mouse studies on the disease should be used to model cerebral malaria in humans and which ones should not be used for the modeling of the disease. There is a very informative chart on p. 16 which shows a number of experiments dealing with cerebral malaria and the observations in the mice and also the techniques used to note the observation.

Part Three Summary (Recombinant erythropoietin in cerebral malaria step by step)
---------------------------------------------
Now we are looking into the first of two proposed treatments for cerebral malaria, the glycoprotein Erythropoietin (Epo). This protein is considered to be neuroprotective because it helps to "maintain [their] tissue-protective activities" (Leist M, 2004) and thus the deleterious effects of cerebral malaria such as unusual blood flow through the brain tissue causing anemia and lactic acid buildup due to anaerobic cell respiration can be aided. Thus the blood brain barrier remains more in tact allowing for a more selective movement of molecules across the brain keeping the brain functioning at more normal capacity. There are a number of studies that have been looked at dealing with Epo and it has been shown to "increase cognative functions in rodents." (Brines M, 2008)

Part Four Summary (From fat to brain: statins as an adjuvant therapy for cerebral malaria)
---------------------------------------------
Statins are used as another neuroprotective therapy for cerebral malaria, but they are still in the earlier stages of studies as compared to Epo. They have to deal with cholesterol, LDL, and fat and their effects on concentration of the vasodilator nitric oxide. The maintenance of a normal physiological concentration of nitric oxide (NO) [] restore[s] endothelial function" (McGown CC, 2007). The endothelial cells of the brain are the ones that are primarily responsible for the maintenance of the blood brain barrier and the tight junctions associated with it. Without such regulation of the size of molecules that can penetrate into the brain, there are major effects on the brain including cognitive disfunction and many other symptoms that are associated with cerebral malaria. This treatment is still in its infancy with regard to its neuroprotective effects relating to cerebral malaria.

Part Five Summary (A proof of concept clinical trial in Bamako)
---------------------------------------------
This final section is very short since there have not been any wide scale clinical trials using either of these neuroprotective therapies yet, but it gives recommendations on how to start up such studies and how such data should be used. It looks at ethical issues that must be addressed since cerebral malaria is pretty much isolated to developing countries and there are much different problems and mindsets that are already established in these places. It also looks at an example of a human clinical trial involving those in a coma due to cerebral malaria and how this study was conducted to provide an example of such a study for the future.

Recommendation
----------------------------------------------
If you are simply interested in the pathophysiology or history of the disease, this book is probably not what you are looking for. This book is essentially a long version of a research paper that can be found on the internet at sites such as Web of Knowledge. It is much more engaging and interesting than a normal research paper with its witty titles and catches to interest the reader. If you really want to look into a depth of resources for a paper on the subject, this is also very helpful since there are multitude of resources present at the end of each section. The charts provide a good amount of information related to the treatments and the disease in general while also providing a break from the reading.

Product details Paperback 64 pages Publisher LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing (January 11, 2011) Language English ISBN-10 3843390045

Tags : Neuroprotection and Cerebral Malaria: A new paradigm for treatment [Anne-Lise Bienvenu] on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. There are at least 300 million cases of malaria each year, resulting in more than a million deaths. Cerebral malaria is the most severe complication of malaria especially in young African children. Besides drug resistance,Anne-Lise Bienvenu,Neuroprotection and Cerebral Malaria: A new paradigm for treatment,LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing,3843390045,Diseases,Medical Diseases,Medical Nursing
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Neuroprotection and Cerebral Malaria A new paradigm for treatment AnneLise Bienvenu 9783843390040 Books Reviews

Overview
---------------------------------------------
I decided to purchase this book in a hope to gain a variety of insight into the current state of diagnosis and treatment of Cerebral Malaria since it is a disease that primarily only affects people in the developing world. This book did a satisfactory job of providing some background on the disease without going too far into the history and incidence within the worlds population. There was also a good deal of the pathophysiology of the disease which provides a good insight on how the progression of the disease occurs in vulnerable populations, usually children. I am surprised at the few available books on about cerebral malaria, especially since it is such a common disease worldwide, so that could be the reason for the excessive price for the length of the publication. There are also a number of resources that are cited throughout the text in the different sections that the book is organized into and are organized at the end of each section, making further research much easier to perform. In fact, by looking at the references I was able to schedule an expert interview from one of the resources used in the book to gain further knowledge of the disease for my report.

Organization and Formatting
---------------------------------------------
This study nestled within a short book is formatted a bit different from most books you would expect to purchase on . It is more like a pamphlet than a book even though it is 56 pages, because there are a number of charts, tables, references, etc. so I would say the book really only contains 25 pages of textual material. This makes it a quite short read if you are familiar with scientific writing and a general understanding of cerebral malaria. The first few sections of the book provide an introduction with some background of the disease and explain why it is an important disease to look at and research more extensively so that we can help the millions of children, scattered throughout Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and other tropical, underdeveloped areas where the disease is still one of the major killers within that specific age group. The later sections look at mouse models for conducting animal research, 2 different prospective novel treatments that are beginning to be looked at on a more widescale level, and then a look at how clinical trials could be conducted to actually get these treatments out to the public. Within each of the sections there are charts looking at previous experiments and how they worked to treat cerebral malaria in mouse models and there are a number of references used at the end of each of the sections.

Synopsis
---------------------------------------------
My purpose of selecting this book was to look into some novel approaches towards treatment of the disease and also how this intertwines with the pathophysiology of the disease so I was primarily concerned with the section right after the introduction which explains how the disease spreads, how it is related and not related to regular malaria, and the cascade of events that occur within the brain that eventually lead "cytotoxicity and apoptosis [to] potentially lead blood brain barrier disruption and could contribute to the development of cerebral malaria." (Pino P, 2005) I also read the other sections since the book was quite short and relatively easy to read, and they actually were quite interesting. The most interesting part to me was the part looking at animal models, mainly rat and mouse models, and how they can be related and not related to human models for cerebral malaria. I was not at all familiar with how mouse models can be used to relate to human models, but I realized that different strains of malaria infect humans and mice and the different strains have different mechanisms that cause disease progression. Also, the final section took a very brief look at how these treatments can be translated into clinical trials which is also a very important step for scientists doing research on novel treatments for many different diseases.

Part One Summary (Introduction, Cerebral malaria who cares?, "If you want me to live, protect my brain")
---------------------------------------------
For the the first few sections I decided to group the first few together since they were all only about a page in length and all essentially an overview of the disease. The introduction provides some of the basic pertinent information about the disease such as the current statistics of the disease, the vector that most commonly infects humans (P. falciparum), and the basic pathophysiology and current treatments for the disease. Next, Bienvenu provides a reason for us to care about the disease by providing the quick and severe symptoms of the fatal disease that "is most common in infants younger than the age of 2." (Bienvenu A, 2011) Talking about the severe effects of cerebral malaria on the developing brain, sometimes causing deficits in memory, attention, speech, language, etc., along with the more short term complications provides a means to show that the need for a novel form of therapy to try to combat this disease is and has been needed for quite a while. The final part of this first section shows a number of more current, now being researched treatments for cerebral malaria and finally introduces the two in particular that this study is looking at. These sections have very few tables or charts, and is primarily solely text providing a brief synopsis of the disease and introduction for the rest of the book.

Part Two Summary ("Of Mice and men" from Steinbeck to Grau)
---------------------------------------------
This next section is its own part and its primary "purpose of this study is to depict the similarities and differences between Humans and the CBA mice." (Bienvenu A, 2011) Though I was surprised that there was a full section in this book that is solely dedicated to looking at mouse models, but when you look at the big picture it is actually a quite important part of any study. After the initial in vitro testing that is there to confirm the working hypothesis for scientists, the next step is in vivo testing and the most common animal to do such testing on is mice. There are monkey models also present for cerebral malaria, but mouse models are the most common because most studies do not have the facilities or money to do monkey models for testing. This section looks at how the virus is different and also the same within human and mouse models. The differences often tell as much or more than the similarities since these tell us which mouse studies on the disease should be used to model cerebral malaria in humans and which ones should not be used for the modeling of the disease. There is a very informative chart on p. 16 which shows a number of experiments dealing with cerebral malaria and the observations in the mice and also the techniques used to note the observation.

Part Three Summary (Recombinant erythropoietin in cerebral malaria step by step)
---------------------------------------------
Now we are looking into the first of two proposed treatments for cerebral malaria, the glycoprotein Erythropoietin (Epo). This protein is considered to be neuroprotective because it helps to "maintain [their] tissue-protective activities" (Leist M, 2004) and thus the deleterious effects of cerebral malaria such as unusual blood flow through the brain tissue causing anemia and lactic acid buildup due to anaerobic cell respiration can be aided. Thus the blood brain barrier remains more in tact allowing for a more selective movement of molecules across the brain keeping the brain functioning at more normal capacity. There are a number of studies that have been looked at dealing with Epo and it has been shown to "increase cognative functions in rodents." (Brines M, 2008)

Part Four Summary (From fat to brain statins as an adjuvant therapy for cerebral malaria)
---------------------------------------------
Statins are used as another neuroprotective therapy for cerebral malaria, but they are still in the earlier stages of studies as compared to Epo. They have to deal with cholesterol, LDL, and fat and their effects on concentration of the vasodilator nitric oxide. The maintenance of a normal physiological concentration of nitric oxide (NO) [] restore[s] endothelial function" (McGown CC, 2007). The endothelial cells of the brain are the ones that are primarily responsible for the maintenance of the blood brain barrier and the tight junctions associated with it. Without such regulation of the size of molecules that can penetrate into the brain, there are major effects on the brain including cognitive disfunction and many other symptoms that are associated with cerebral malaria. This treatment is still in its infancy with regard to its neuroprotective effects relating to cerebral malaria.

Part Five Summary (A proof of concept clinical trial in Bamako)
---------------------------------------------
This final section is very short since there have not been any wide scale clinical trials using either of these neuroprotective therapies yet, but it gives recommendations on how to start up such studies and how such data should be used. It looks at ethical issues that must be addressed since cerebral malaria is pretty much isolated to developing countries and there are much different problems and mindsets that are already established in these places. It also looks at an example of a human clinical trial involving those in a coma due to cerebral malaria and how this study was conducted to provide an example of such a study for the future.

Recommendation
----------------------------------------------
If you are simply interested in the pathophysiology or history of the disease, this book is probably not what you are looking for. This book is essentially a long version of a research paper that can be found on the internet at sites such as Web of Knowledge. It is much more engaging and interesting than a normal research paper with its witty titles and catches to interest the reader. If you really want to look into a depth of resources for a paper on the subject, this is also very helpful since there are multitude of resources present at the end of each section. The charts provide a good amount of information related to the treatments and the disease in general while also providing a break from the reading.